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Describe el día a día del conflicto de 1762 a través de la correspondencia entre el comandante general de Extremadura, Gregorio Muniaín, y Ricardo Wall.
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La guerra de los Siete Años, en todos sus frentes, fue especialmente prolífica en movimientos diplomáticos previos y en contactos destinados a evitarla; en sutiles juegos de alianzas imposibles que tornaron finalmente su condición, y en... more
La guerra de los Siete Años, en todos sus frentes, fue especialmente prolífica en movimientos diplomáticos previos y en contactos destinados a evitarla; en sutiles juegos de alianzas imposibles que tornaron finalmente su condición, y en otras que se creyeron factibles pero que nunca se materializaron. Fue un choque en el que todos los partícipes, pese a sus posiciones de fuerza, mantuvieron abiertas vías de negociación durante su desarrollo. A través de los documentos que se intercambiaron, el lenguaje, cargado de metáforas, adquiere un papel relevante en la descripción y en el análisis de lo sucedido y de las posibles alternativas para corregir el rumbo de los acontecimientos. Este trabajo establece la secuencia y las principales líneas que vertebraron el proceso negociador de las potencias implicadas en la guerra entre España y Portugal, desde los prolegómenos hasta su conclusión.
The Seven Years’ War, on all its fronts, was especially abundant in prior diplomatic movements and meetings designed to avoid it; there were many subtle games of impossible alliances that were finally fruitless and others that were considered feasible but never materialized. It was a confrontation in which all the participants, despite their positions
of strength, kept open avenues for negotiation throughout its development. By way of the documents that were exchanged, metaphor-laden language acquired an important role in the description and analysis of developments, as well as possible alternatives for correcting the course of events. This study establishes the sequence and the main lines in the negotiation process followed by the powers involved in the war between Spain and Portugal, from its early stages up to its conclusion.
The Seven Years’ War, on all its fronts, was especially abundant in prior diplomatic movements and meetings designed to avoid it; there were many subtle games of impossible alliances that were finally fruitless and others that were considered feasible but never materialized. It was a confrontation in which all the participants, despite their positions
of strength, kept open avenues for negotiation throughout its development. By way of the documents that were exchanged, metaphor-laden language acquired an important role in the description and analysis of developments, as well as possible alternatives for correcting the course of events. This study establishes the sequence and the main lines in the negotiation process followed by the powers involved in the war between Spain and Portugal, from its early stages up to its conclusion.
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RESUMEN El estudio de las ferias y de los mercados constituye una de las piezas claves para comprender la estructura económica de Extremadura entre la Edad Media y finales del Antiguo Régimen. Este trabajo, construido a partir de la... more
RESUMEN El estudio de las ferias y de los mercados constituye una de las piezas claves para comprender la estructura económica de Extremadura entre la Edad Media y finales del Antiguo Régimen. Este trabajo, construido a partir de la recopilación de documentación procedente de archivos regionales y nacio-nales, pretende aportar una serie de datos que puedan ser utilizados en futuros análisis encaminados a explicar el papel del comercio en el conjunto de la economía de Extremadura, así como el nivel de los intercambios que se produ-cían tanto a escala comarcal y provincial, como con otras partes de España y con Portugal, y las causas del secular atraso experimentado por la región durante siglos. ABSTRACT The study of fairs and markets constitutes a key element in order to understand the economic structure of Extremadura between the Middle Ages and the end of the Ancien Régime. This paper, based on a compilation of documents from regional and national archives, aims at contributing with data that could be used in future analyses in order to explain the role of trade in the economy of Extremadura, as well as the level of the exchanges that were taking place both at regional and provincial levels, and with other parts of Spain and Portugal, and the causes of the secular underdevelopment of this region.
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Resumen: Este trabajo define los tipos de fraudes que se producían al cobijo del gran comercio atlántico en el Reino de Sevilla a finales del Antiguo régimen. En él se reconstruyen los espacios en que tenían lugar, el modo de ejecutarlos,... more
Resumen: Este trabajo define los tipos de fraudes que se producían al cobijo del gran comercio atlántico en el Reino de Sevilla a finales del Antiguo régimen. En él se reconstruyen los espacios en que tenían lugar, el modo de ejecutarlos, y los subterfugios empleados por los defraudadores para desarrollar sus empresas y eludir los aranceles que gravaban el intercambio de mercancías. Se describen asimismo un universo comercial en continua ebullición y las exenciones fiscales que, bien por tolerancia de las autoridades, o por no considerarse como tales faltas contra la Hacienda por una interpretación muy laxa de la norma, convertían a algunos tráficos mercantiles muy arraigados en Andalucía en transacciones legales, cuando no lo eran. Se aborda, finalmente, un estudio del Resguardo de rentas del Reino de Sevilla y de las sucesivas reformas de que fue objeto para aumentar su efectividad en un territorio donde, prácticas como el contrabando, encontraban un amplio respaldo social por no considerarse un delito.
Abstract: This paper defines two types of fraud which took place under the coverage of the so-called grand Atlantic commerce in the Kingdom of Se- ville towards the end of the Ancien Régime. The essay reconstructs the spaces in which these types of fraud took place, the way in which they were execu- ted and also the tricks used by the defrauders in order to develop their acti- vities and avoid the tariffs placed to tax commercial exchanges. There is also a detailed description of the trading medium in continuous turmoil and the tax exemptions which, either by tolerance of the authorities or because those infringements against the Treasure were not seriously taken on the basis of a lax interpretation of the law, made legal some mercantile activities with a very old tradition in Andalucía which in fact were not legal. Finally, the paper tackles the study of the Body of Revenue Officers in the Kingdom of Seville and the different reforms it underwent in order to increase its effectiveness in a territory were such practices as smuggling were socially accepted and supported since they were not considered a crime.
Abstract: This paper defines two types of fraud which took place under the coverage of the so-called grand Atlantic commerce in the Kingdom of Se- ville towards the end of the Ancien Régime. The essay reconstructs the spaces in which these types of fraud took place, the way in which they were execu- ted and also the tricks used by the defrauders in order to develop their acti- vities and avoid the tariffs placed to tax commercial exchanges. There is also a detailed description of the trading medium in continuous turmoil and the tax exemptions which, either by tolerance of the authorities or because those infringements against the Treasure were not seriously taken on the basis of a lax interpretation of the law, made legal some mercantile activities with a very old tradition in Andalucía which in fact were not legal. Finally, the paper tackles the study of the Body of Revenue Officers in the Kingdom of Seville and the different reforms it underwent in order to increase its effectiveness in a territory were such practices as smuggling were socially accepted and supported since they were not considered a crime.
